Science unit 12 - Light and sound

Light and sound

Game: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks2/science/physical_processes/light/play/

Light absorbtion, refraaction and reflection: http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/energy-light-sound/light-absorb-reflect-refract.htm

Sound: http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/energy-light-sound/sound.htm

Light: http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/energy-light-sound/light.htm

Pet Result Unit 12

Unit 12 - Food and Celebrations

Comparative and superlative adverbs

Comparison (-er/-est)

	Comparative ending in -er	Superlative ending in -est
one-syllable adverbs (hard)	harder	hardest
adverbs with the same form as adjectives (early)	earlier	earliest

Comparison (more / most)

	Comparative formed with more	Superlative formed with most
adverbs ending in -ly (happily)	more happily	most happily

Irregular comparisons

positive form	comparative	superlative
well	better	best
badly	worse	worst
ill	worse	worst
little	less	least
much	more	most
far (place + time)	further	furthest
far (place)	farther	farthest
late (time)	later	latest

Adverb - superlative:
    incorrect - She is the most fastest runner.
    correct   - She is the fastest runner.
    (She is either the fastest runner or she is not, she cannot be the most fastest.)

Reported speech 

Here's how it works:

We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'. (Click here for more about using 'say' and 'tell'.) If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:

• Direct speech: “I like ice cream”.
• Reported speech: She says she likes ice cream.

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.

But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:

• Direct speech: “I like ice cream”.
• Reported speech: She said she liked ice cream.

Tense	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
present simple	“I like ice cream”	She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present continuous	“I am living in London”	She said she was living in London.
past simple	“I bought a car”	She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car.
past continuous	“I was walking along the street”	She said she had been walking along the street.
present perfect	“I haven't seen Julie”	She said she hadn't seen Julie.
past perfect*	“I had taken English lessons before”	She said she had taken English lessons before.
will	“I'll see you later”	She said she would see me later.
would*	“I would help, but..”	She said she would help but...
can	“I can speak perfect English”	She said she could speak perfect English.
could*	“I could swim when I was four”	She said she could swim when she was four.
shall	“I shall come later”	She said she would come later.
should*	“I should call my mother”	She said she should call her mother
might*	"I might be late"	She said she might be late
must	"I must study at the weekend"	She said she must study at the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend

* doesn't change.

PET Result Unit 11 - The natural world

Zero conditional

Este condicional refiere a una situación que es siempre verdadera (verdades universales): If you freeze water, it turns into ice.

If clause	Main clause
If + Present tense	Present tense
If you freeze water	it turns into ice.

• If you freeze water, it turns into ice.
  Si congelas el agua, se convierte en hielo.
• If I work too much, I get tired.
  Si trabajo demasiado, me canso.
• If I have time, I usually go to the movies.
  Si tengo tiempo, generalmente voy al cine.
• If she eats hamburgers, she gets an allergy.
  Si ella come hamburguesas, le da alergia.
• If they come here, they always bring a present.
  Si ellos vienen aquí, siempre traen un regalo.
• If she doesn't know the answer, she keeps silent.
  Si ella no sabe la respuesta, se mantiene en silencio.
• If we don't go out on Saturdays, we rent a video and stay home.
  Si no salimos los sábados, alquilamos un video y nos quedamos en casa.

video: http://youtu.be/ndNAp0c8UoE

Exercises: 

http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/type0/exercise1.html

http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/type0/exercise2.html

http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/type0/exercise3.html

First conditional


Se forma con if + simple present + simple future. Se emplea cuando una situación es real o posible: If it rains today, I'll stay at home. Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos traducidos.

If clause	Main clause
If + Present tense	will / can / may / must + verb
If it rains today,	I'll stay at home

• If it rains today, I'll stay at home.
• Si llueve hoy, me quedaré en casa.
• If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow.
  Si está ocupado ahora, regresaré mañana.
• If I have time, I'll visit my parents this afternoon.
  Si tengo tiempo, visitaré a mis padres esta tarde.
• If it is warm tomorrow, we'll go to the beach.
  Si está caluroso mañana, iremos a la playa.
• If it is cold, you must wear warm clothes.
  Si está frío, debes usar ropa abrigada.
• If he doesn't do his homework, he can not go to the party.
  Si él no hace su tarea, no puede ir a la fiesta.
• If she doesn't call you, you can call her.
  Si ella no te llama, tú puedes llamarla.
• If you work hard, you may become a millonaire someday.
  Si trabajas duro, puede que te conviertas en un millonario algún día. 

• If you spend more than you earn, you'll become a poor man.
  Si gastas más de lo que ganas, te convertirás en un hombre pobre.
• If they don't invite you, you must not go.
  Si ellos no te invitan, no debes ir.
• If we don't hurry, we'll miss our bus.
  Si no nos apuramos, perderemos nuestro autobus.
• If you pay now, you'll get a discount.
  Si pagas ahora, obtendrás un descuento.
• If they don't want to go out, they can stay home.
  Si no quieren salir, se pueden quedar en casa.
• If you drink too much, you'll get drunk.
  Si bebes demasiado, te emborracharás.
• If you feel sick, you must stay in bed.
  Si te sientes enfermo, debes quedarte en cama.
• If they don't come here, we'll have to go there.
  Si ellos no vienen aquí, tendremos que ir allí.

video: http://youtu.be/yDZaMZphLjk

Exercises: http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/first-conditional-exercise-1.html

Second conditional

Refiere a una situación hipotética y se forma según la estructura if + simple past + simple condicional. Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos traducidos.

If clause	Main clause
If + Past Simple	would / could / might + verb
If I won the lottery,	I would travel around the world.

• If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world.
  Si ganara la lotería, viajaría por todo el mundo.
• If I were in Brazil, I would go to Rio de Janeiro.
  Si yo estuviese en Brasil, iría a Río de Janeiro.
• If I were you, I would buy that car.
  Si yo fuese tú, compraría ese auto.
• If he were in my place, he wouldn't do this.
  Si él estuviese en mi lugar, no haría esto.
• If I had more money, I would buy a nice apartment.
  Si yo tuviese más dinero, me compraría un lindo apartamento.
• If she had more time, she would travel more often.
  Si ella tuviera más tiempo, viajaría más a menudo.
• If it were not raining, we could go out.
  Si no estuviese lloviendo, podríamos salir.
• If we didn't have to work today, we could have a picnic.
  Si no tuviésemos que trabajar hoy, podríamos tener un picnic. 

• If they won the lottery, they wouldn't work any more.
  Si ellos ganaran la lotería, no trabajarían más.
• If I saw her, I would ask her out.
  Si la viera, la invitaría a salir.
• If you went to Brazil, you wouldn't want to come back.
  Si fueras a Brazil, no querrías regresar.
• If they spoke Spanish, we would understand them.
  Si ellos hablasen español, los entenderíamos.
• If he didn't live by the river, he couldn't go fishing.
  Si el no viviera cerca del río, no podría ir a pescar.
• If I didn't want to go, I would tell you.
  Si no quisiera ir, te lo diría.
• If they worked for that company, they might have better salaries.
  Si ellos trabajaran para esa compañía, podrían tener mejores sueldos.
• If she wrote a book, it would be a best-seller.
  Si ella escribiese un libro, sería un best-seller. 

video: http://youtu.be/VUk8HNut0WA

Exercises: http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/second-conditional-exercise-1.html

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The conditionals video: http://youtu.be/9ifCM8kJFKI

Science Unit 11 - Machines and circuits

Videos:

Games: http://www.learninggamesforkids.com/simple-machines-games.html

Sid the Science Kid: http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/sid-the-science-kid/?topic_id=337

Electrical circuits: 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks2/science/physical_processes/electrical_circuits/read/1/ 

http://www.brainpop.com/technology/energytechnology/electriccircuits/preview.weml 

Circuits game: http://www.learningcircuits.co.uk/flashmain.htm

Magnets: